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TOUR 



INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION 



TENDERED BY THE 



GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES 



SEPTEMBER 7 TO 25 
1904 



.U5T5- 



JAN HI |^,„ 



COVERNMENr PRINTING OFFICE. 
WASHINGTON. P. C. 



dT^ 



General Programme of the Tour 



GENERAL PROGRAMME 

OF THE 

TOUR AND ENTERTAINMENT 

OF THE 

INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



The rendezvous for the members of the union and other guests 
will be at the Park Avenue Hotel (Thirty-second street and Park 
avenue) in the city of New York. 

Tuesday, September 6. 

Excursion to West Point, on Hudson River, on revenue cutters 
tendered by the Treasury Department. Escort by the cruiser 
Topeka, tendered by the Navy Department. Reception at West 
Point, tendered by the War Department. 

Guests will embark at Barge Office, Battery, at 8.30 a. m. precisely. 
I/uncheon on boats. Return to New York by special train on 
New York Central Railroad at 5 p. m. 

Wednesday, September 7. 

Leave New York, Twenty-third street ferry, Pennsylvania Railroad, 
at 9 a. m. Take special train from Pennsylvania depot, Jersey 
City. Arrive at Philadelphia at 11.50 a. m. Lunch at Hotel 
Walton. Visit Independence Hall and Baldwin Locomotive 
Works. Drive along the Schuylkill River to the Country Club. 
Dinner at Country Club. Leave Philadelphia at 9 p. m. for 
Pittsburg. 

Thursday, September 8. 

Arrive at Pittsburg at 7.30 a. m. After breakfasting, the guests 
will be taken bv train to the Edgar Thomson Steel Mills of the 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

Carnegie Steel Company. Following the inspection of these 
works, the party will be transferred to the opposite bank of the 
Monongahela River for luncheon. After luncheon the train will 
move down the Monongahela to the Homestead Steel Works for 
the inspection of this plant, after which the train will return to 
the Union Station. Leave Pittsburg 4 p. ni. (central time). 

Friday, September 9. 

Arrive at vSt. Louis, Mo. Headquarters, vSouthern Hotel. 

Saturday, September 10. 

Unofficial visit to world's fair by individual delegates. From 3 p. m. 
on, reception to the delegations of the different countries b}' the 
world's fair commissioners representing these countries, at their 
respective buildings. 

Sunday, September 11. 

Boat excursion on the Mississippi River, tendered by the citizens of 
St. Louis, under the auspices of the Business Men's League. 

Monday, September 12. 

Opening of conference at 10.30 a. m. at Festival Hall. 

Afternoon, from 3 to 5, reception by the Board of Lady Managers 
of the World's Fair. 

At 8 p. m. banquet tendered to the members of the Union b}' Hon. 
D. R. Francis, President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany, at Tyrolean Alps. 

Tuesday, September 13. 

10.30 a. m. session of conference in the Hall of Congresses. 

3 to 5 p. m. reception tendered to delegates by Colonel Watson, 

British commissioner, at British building. 
Evening: Individual visits to World's Fair. 

Wednesday, September 14. 

10.30 A. M. session of conference in the Hall of Congresses. 
Afternoon: Individual visits to Fair. Evening: 9.30 p. m. departure 
for the Rocky Mountains by the Burlington Route. 



GENERAL PROGRAMME. 



Thursday, September 15. 

7 a. m. arrival at Kansas City. Breakfast and carriage ride. 
I p. m. leave Kansas City on Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific 
Railroad. 

Friday, September i5. 

Arrive at Colorado Springs at 8 a. m. 

At 9 a. m. the party will have a choice of two trips — one to Pikes 
Peak over the Manitou and Pikes Peak Railroad, and one to Cripple 
Creek over the Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek District 
Railway. The train will leave Cripple Creek at 12, arrive at 
Colorado Springs at 2.30, and reach Denver over the Denver and 
Rio Grande Railway at 4 p. m., where the party will be enter- 
tained by the citizens. 

Saturday, September 17. 

September 17, leaving Denver at about 8.30 a. m., the party will 
have choice of three trips — one over the Georgetown Loop on 
the Colorado Southern Railroad, one over the first 50 miles of 
the Denver and Northwestern Railroad, and one to Fort Collins 
over the Colorado Southern Railroad, where are the agricultural 
colleges and some of the large industrial establishments. 

These trips are all of equal length and the excursionists should be 
back in Denver about 2 o'clock, where they will have about two 
hours for luncheon and leave about 3.30 p. m. for Chicago over 
the Union Pacific and Chicago Northwestern. 

Sunday, September 18. 

Reach Omaha at 7 a. m. and without leaving the train will break- 
fast there. Daylight ride through Iowa, arriving in Chicago 
about 8 p. m. 

Monday, September 19. 

Spend day in Chicago. 

Leaving Chicago in the evening, the party will probably move by 
two different routes. One section will proceed by the Michigan 
Central to Detroit, thence across Canada to Buffalo. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

The Hungarian section will proceed via the Lake Shore and Mich- 
igan Southern to Cleveland, thence to Buffalo. 

Tuesday, September 20. 

One section of the party will spend the day in Detroit, leaving in 
the evening for Buffalo. The other section will spend the day 
at Cleveland and join the main party at Buffalo on the morning 

of the 2 1 St. 

Wednesday, September 21. 
Visit to Buffalo and Niagara P'alls, spending night at hotels. 

Thursday, September 22. 

Leave Buffalo, and daylight ride through New York State via 
New York Central to Albany and Westshore Road to Jersey City. 
Leave Jersey City at night for Washington. 

Friday, September 23. 

Morning: Arrive at Washington. Headquarters, Arlington Hotel. 

Carriage ride through the city. 
After luncheon, excursion to Mount Vernon, the home and burial 

place of George Washington. 
During their stay in the National Capital, members of the Union 

will have an opportunity to pay their respects to their diplomatic 

representatives. 

Saturday, September 24. 

Morning: No official programme. Afternoon at 2.30: Official recep- 
tion by the President of the United States at the White House. 

Sunday, September 25. 

Breakfast at Arlington Hotel. Daylight ride to New York via 

Baltimore and Philadelphia. 
Time of departure to be announced later. 



GENERAL PROGRAMME. 



PLAN OF THE TOUR. 

It would be impossible in the brief space of time at the disposal of 
our guests, nearly all of whom are in active service in public life, 
to make a tour of the whole United States, even if Alaska and the 
islands of the sea were excluded. Taking the Exposition at St. 1 
Louis as the primary goal of the Interparliamentary Union, the 
trip has been so planned as to include some of the most charac- 
teristic portions of the United States, in such a manner as to 
embrace wide contrasts of scenery, topography, history, and 
industrial occupation. 

Starting from the older-settled portion of the country the turn post 
of the trip, so to speak, will be in the new West. The life of 
the new and the life of the old will be in contrast. There will 
also be contrasts of scenery, the Appalachian Range contrasting 
with the prairies, and the Rocky Mountains contrasting with the 
Great Plains. Our guests will pass through regions of surprising 
fertility and through other belts in which every resource of engi- 
neering skill and industry are necessary for the redemption of the 
soil. Our guests will see our great cities and our little towns, 
our greatest rivers and our vast inland seas. They will pass 
through wooded forests and over treeless plains and rise from 
the level of the sea till the train rumbles in the clouds. 

Furthermore, our guests will have an opportunity to see how a vast 
number of American people earn their living, and what are the 
fruits of their industry. 

To this end, at the suggestion of the honorable the Secretary of 
the Treasury, a series of notes and facts concerning the different 
sections and States included in the route have been put together, 
more especially to illustrate the industrial aspects of the country 
traversed. An attempt has been made to indicate, so far as pos- 
sible, the products for which each State is distinguished. To 
the members of this party, interested as they are in problems 
of finance, trade, and industry, it is thought that such a brief 
array of facts will not prove unwelcome. Those who desire can 
supplement them by more elaborate information obtainable from 
the reports of the United States Census. 

No attempt, however, has been made, except by a brief suggestion 
here and there, to exhibit those equally important aspects of 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

American life which are illustrated in educational, philan- 
thropic, and religious movements. 
These outlines of the trip, following this itinerary, will be divided 
into four sections, corresponding to the grand divisions of the 
tour, viz: 

1. From the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 

2. From the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. 

3. From the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes. 

4. From Niagara to the capital. 

These descriptive notes will be distributed to our guests, beginning 
at each stage of the tour, and will afterwards be given to them 
bound together under a single cover. 

MAPS. 

Upon the small map of the United States accompanying this itiner- 
ary the route of the tour is shown in red lines. This map will 
show the geographical relations of the States to each other. 

In order to show each vState in detail, with its population and rail- 
road lines, a map of each State traversed, with the route marked 
thereon, will be given to each member 

On the back of the map of the United States contained in this 
itinerary is another map showing the historic development of the 
United States and the extension of its boundary lines. This map 
is self-explanatory and will, it is hoped, prove of much interest to 
our welcome guests who are helping us to celebrate the acquisi- 
tion and fruits of the Louisiana Purchase. 



TABLE OF DISTANCES. 



Miles. 

New York to Phii^adelphia --.-.. gi 

Phii.adei.phia to Pittsburg ---... 354. 

Pittsburg to St. Louis ---_... 621 

St. Louis to Kansas City ------- 226 

Kansas City to Colorado Springs ----- 624 

Colorado Springs to Denver ------ 75 

Denver to Omaha -------- 569 

Omaha to Chicago - - - - -- - - 493 

Chicago to Niagara Falls - - - - - -513 

Niagara Falls to New York -.-.-- 462 

New York to Washington - ^^^^^^^m - 228 

Washington to New York - - .^^^^^^^9 - 228 



Total ----- ^^^^^^^^^P - 4, 484 




From the Atlantic to the Mississippi 



FIRST STAGE 



TOUR OF THE 

INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE 
MISSISSIPPI. 



The Pennsylvania depot in Jersey City is reached from New York 
by three lines of ferryboats running, respectively, from Liberty, 
Desbrosses, and Twenty-third streets. The boats are large and rapid, 
and every day the waters of the Hudson are crossed by a vast stream 
of humanity flowing into New York in the morning from New Jer- 
sey, which has many beautiful suburban residences and towns, and 
returning from New York in the evening. It is one of the bold 
designs of the Pennsylvania Railroad to tunnel the Hudson River 
and establish a great depot in New York City, so that eventually 
this stream of humanity which now passes over the Hudson will 
ultimately pass under it. Taking the upper deck of the ferryboat 
we have during the transit a fine view of New York Harbor on its 
west side. In the docks of New York and at Hoboken, N. J., lie 
the great liners which form a part of the ocean ferry, while the 
canal-boat traffic from the Hudson River brings down from the 
Erie Canal vast supplies of breadstuffs for home and foreign con- 
sumption. 

At Jersey City we land at the Pennsylvania station, through 
which our distinguished guests will be introduced to their first ex- 
perience of American railroad travel. The train, divided into two 
sections, each of them composed of sleeping, dining, and baggage 
cars, a sort of moving hotel, will be drawn by stalwart locomotives 
placed at the disposal of our guests by the Pennsylvania road. 
This road itself is an example of how transportation has developed 
in the United States. Originally intended as an enterprise entirely 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



local to the State of Pennsylvania, it has rapidly expanded in the 
course of fifty-seven years until, through the absorption of a num- 
ber of other important lines, it penetrates thirteen States and has a 
total length of 10,562 miles. Seven grand divisions in the territory 
east of Pittsburg and Buffalo and two grand divisions west of these 
points, together with a number of small lines operated under the 
general direction of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, are neces- 
sary to handle the immense traffic of the system. 

During the last year the company transported over its lines the 
enormous amount of 295,120,398 tons of freight and 123,632,203 pas- 
sengers. These grand totals represent traffic originating mainly 




Pennsylvania Railroad Station, Jersey City. 



through the terminals of the company at New York, Philadelphia, 
Washington, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, 
Chicago, Indianapolis, Louisville, and St. Louis. To handle this 
tremendous traffic the company utilizes the services of over 100,000 
employees, operates more than 4,000 locomotives, 3,000 passenger 
coaches, 600 Pullman cars, and nearly 200,000 freight cars, in addi- 
tion to a large number of freight cars chartered or owned by various 
private interests and operated by the company. 

Thus it will be seen that this single road in the United States 
employs in operating its vast s^'stem 33,000 more men than con- 
stitute the effective force of the I'nited vStates Ami}-, and moves 



FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI. 

every week day an army of people nearly seven times as great as 
the Army of the United States, with more than 2% tons of freight 
for each passenger carried. As we have started on a pilgrimage of 
peace, it is reassuring to think what a vast number of workers are 
engaged in the development of prosperity through peaceful industry. 
Transportation is only one aspect, but in a country covering such 
magnificent distances as the United States, a verj^ important aspect 
of the panorama of American life. 

Emerging from the great depot at Jersey City, our route lies 
across the State of New Jersey. 

STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 

[Population, 1,883,669; area, 7,915 square miles.] 

New Jersey was first settled by the Dutch in 1617. In 1702 it 
became a colony of the British Crown. 

Even a casual glance at the map of the United States will show 
how many names of cities or political divisions were taken from 
the Old World. It was one way in which grateful memory and ten- 
der association were preserved. So New Jersey owes its name to 
the Isle of Jersey. Its area is abovit half that of Switzerland. The 
physical, aspect of the State varies from the low sand plain in the 
south to the hilly country in the northwest. The greatest elevation 
is 1,750 feet above sea level. The State has a coast line of 120 
miles, and is indented with 500 bays. The climate is mild. The 
coast is lined with popular resorts. The neighboring large cities 
create a steady demand for table vegetables, and market gardening 
is the principal agricultural pursuit. The long coast line Of the 
State opens to it the wealth of the sea. In 1898 1,342,021 bushels 
of oysters were marketed, at a value of 151,309,411. Its deep-sea 
fishing is likewise important. 

The State leads all others in the manufacture of silk. There is 
abundant zinc and iron ore and a large deposit of glass sand and 
pottery clay. 

During the struggle for American independence New Jerse}' was 
the scene of severe fighting. 

The State ranks second in the production of Portland cement, 
second in value of oil refined, third in clay-working products, 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. . 

which reach the value of nearly ^11,000,000. Princeton University 
and Rutgers College are the most prominent educational institu- 
tions. The Baron de Hirsch Agricultural and Industrial vSchool, 
opened in 1894, is at Woodbine. 

Paterson, not on our route, is noted for its silk industry. In 
1900 there was 1130,000,000 invested in the silk industry in the 
vState. 

Jersey City, the starting point of this tour, is the second city in 
the State; population 206,433. It is essentially a railroad city, but 
has an extensive shipping business and large tobacco works. The 
train moves over a viaduct above the busy streets of Jersey City, 
and passes over the marshes that border the Passaic River. A 
glimpse of New York ba\' and the harbor may be had at the left, 
the highlands of New Jersey at the right, and the spires and chim- 
neys of Newark in the foreground. This is the metropolis of the 
vState, with a population of 246,070. It is the principal manufac- 
turing town, with diversified interests and a thriving port. It will 
be noticed that the Pennsylvania line, particularly in the section 
between New York and Philadelphia, is carried either over or 
under the grade of all the largest cities and towns passed. 

We pass the small cities of Elizabeth and Rahway and, still 
farther on. New Brunswick, the site of Rutger's College, founded 

in 1771. 

South of New Brunswick the road leads over a beautiful plateau, 
which rises on the west in hills parallel to the road. In the middle 
distance are seen the spires and roofs of Princeton College, founded 
in 1746. 

On a pilgrimage of peace we dare not lay too much emphasis on 
our battlefields, nor can we ignore them. Washington's crossing 
of the Delaware and the battle of Trenton were marked events of 
the Revolutionary war. Trenton, population 73,307, is the capital 
of the State of New Jersey; the gilded dome of the State Capitol 
is seen above the surrounding country. The city is chiefly famous 
for its potteries; some of the finest specimens of American china 
are made here. 

The Delaware River on the southern boundary at Trenton divides 
the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 



FROM T.H;E ATLANTIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI. 

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

[Population, 6,302,115; area, 45,215 square miles.] 

Pennsylvania, named in honor of its Quaker founder, William 
Penn, is the second State in the Union in population. 

It was first settled by the Swedes in 1643 and permanently col- 
onized by the British under Penn in 1682. Its area is a little less 
than that of England; its greatest length, from east to west, 303 
miles; north to south, 176. Its physical character is exceedingly 
varied. The Appalachian Mountain system traverses the State 
from northeast to southwest, covering one-fourth of its entire area. 
The Allegheny range reaches an elevation of 2,800 feet. Pennsyl- 
vania is the only one of the thirteen original States without sea- 
coast; it has a coast line on Lake Erie of 45 miles. 

The members of the Interparliamentary Union will find special 
interest in the fact that this State has perpetuated in its name one 
of the heroes of peace, of which William Penn was, like his core- 
ligionists, a persistent advocate. 

The Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, have had 
for two hundred and twenty-five years an important influence in 
the social, industrial, and educational life of the State, and have 
maintained likewise a continued advocacy of international peace. 
The principle of arbitration for the settlement of differences found 
early illustration in Pennsylvania in the appointment of persons 
known as peacemakers, who were to adjust all quarrels. The ideal 
of brotherhood held by the Friends, repeated from its Greek proto- 
type, is embodied in the name Philadelphia. 

The State ranks first in the production of iron, steel, coke, Port- 
land cement, and natural gas. Almost all the anthracite and 36 per 
cent of the bituminous coal comes from Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania is interesting because both manufacturing and agri- 
cultural industries are maintained in a high degree of activity. In 
manufactures the State ranks second to New York in product. In 
1900,52,185 establishments employed 733,834 wage-earners. The 
combined capital was 11,551,548,712, and the gross value of prod- 
ucts, 11,834,790,860. Pennsylvania leads among the Middle States 
in cotton manufacture, and is second in the United States in wool 
and silk manufacture. It has numerous quarries. In 1900 there 
were 20,330 miles of railroads in operation. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

In agriculture it ranks first in the production of rye, raising about 
4,500,000 bushels last year. ^larket gardening and floriculture 
are profitable industries. The State contains many nurseries. 

Educational institutions abound, and the annual expenditures for 
public schools is about $22,000,000. 

Philadelphia, the third city in the United States in population, 
has 1,293,697 inhabitants, and covers 129 square miles of territory; 
it was the seat of the Revolutionary government during the war of 
Independence, and contains many places of historic interest, most 
conspicuous of them all. Independence Hall, where on July 4, 1776, 
the Declaration of Independence was drawn up and ratified. The 
Centennial Exposition, the first American world's fair on a truly 
international scale, was held in Philadelphia in 1876 to commemo- 
rate the signing of the Declaration. The Constitution of the United 
vStates was adopted in 1787, and the Constitutional Convention was 
held in Philadelphia. Here, too, is the grave of another advocate 
and promoter of international peace, that picturesque and striking 
figure in early American histor}-, whose influence was felt on two 
continents, Benjamin Franklin, printer, philospher, and statesman. 

The two most prominent educational institutions in the city are 
the University of Pennsylvania and Girard College, an institi;te for 
poor boys founded by Stephen Girard, with the unique provision in 
the will that no minister or priest of any sect shall be admitted within 
its grounds or its walls. TheDrexel Institute offers a fine opportunity 
for instruction in textile fabrics and instruction in graphic and 
plastic art. The Art Museum, a few minutes from the station, in 
addition to reproductions of classic sculpture, has modern pictures 
of interest and value. 

In the great terminal .station, imposing in its architecture, the 
executive offices of the Pennsylvania Railroad are located. 

The most notable industries of Philadelphia are enormous indus- 
trial plants producing carpets, woolens, and hats, the Baldwin 
Locomotive Works, and the Cramps' shipyards. It is also a center 
for coastwise trade. It has a charming park, extending along the 
Schuylkill River for miles. Germantown is one of the mo.st beau- 
tiful of its suburbs. 

From Philadelphia the route runs west throiigh a fertile country, to 
Harrisburg, the capital of the State, which is situated on the foot- 
hills of the Appalachian Mountains in a beautiful environment of 



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Broad Street Station, Philadelphia. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION, 



mountain and river scenery. The city has a large iron and steel- 
trade and is an important center of the Pennsylvania Railroad. To 
the north and west lie rich coal fields, for which the State is famous. 
The deposits support a large population in numerous towns and 
villages. The largest of these is Scranton, a city of 100,000 inhab- 
itants and the center of the anthracite coal industrv. 




Stone Viaduct, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania Railroad. 

Five miles west of Harrisburg the road crosses the Susquehanna 
River. The new stone bridge is the longest and widest stone via- 
duct in the world. It is a succession of 48 stone arches, is 3,830 feet 
long, 52 feet wide, and has four tracks of standard gauge. 

The journey to Pittsburg is through a beautiful diversified country, 
ranging from rolling farm lands in the east to the mountains of cen- 
tral Pennsvlvania and to the coal hills in the western section. The 



FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI. 

route through the Allegheny Mountains, including the celebrated 
Horseshoe Curve, presents an attractive variety of mountain scenery, 
and from the glimpses of coal mines, from the glare of furnaces, 
and the blaze of coke ovens, we may guess the secret of the sources 
of the company's enormous freight tonnage. 

Pittsburg, "the Steel City," population 321,616, is the western 
gateway of Pennsylvania. Founded but little over a century ago 
as a place of defense against marauding Indians, to-day it is the 
center of the steel industry of the world. Its mills produce every- 
thing possible of manufacture from these metals and its products 




The Horseshoe Curve, Pennsylvania Railroad. 



are distributed throughout the world. Allegheny Count}-, of which 
it is the capital, contains most of the plants of the Carnegie Company 
and many other of the most important mills of the United States 
Steel Corporation. The Union Railway, a short belt line connect- 
ing the various Carnegie works, in 1899 had a tonnage of 16,000,000, 
or more than that of three of the great transcontinental lines; 
with 13,000 miles of track, 1,300 locomotives, and 50,000 freight 
cars. Pittsburg has the heaviest railway tonnage of any city in 
the world. 

Its manufacturing supremacy depends on coke from Connellsville 
coal fields, 60 miles distant. Ore is brought by lake and rail 1,000 
miles from the Lake Superior mines, where the ore in sight belong- 
ing to the United States Steel Corporation alone is estimated at 
500,000,000 tons. This corporation owns about 60 per cent of the 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



hij^h-grade ores thus far developed in the Lake Superior region 
and produces approximately 60 per cent of all the iron and steel 
made in the United States, its output for 1902 being greater than 
the entire iron and steel product of Great Britain. The formation 
of this company, 1901, excited much interest by reason of its being 
the first billion-dollar corporation formed. Its activities center 
largely in and around Pittsburg, but they extend to every consid- 
erable city in the United vStates. It is also exporting considerable 
steel at the present time. An enormous trade is done also in Pitts- 
burg in coal and coke. 

STATE OF OHIO. 

[Population, 4,157,545; area, 41,060 square miles.] 

Thirty miles west of Pittsburg the train leaves Pennsylvania and 
enters Ohio, another leading agricultural and manufacturing State. 
There are nearly 9,000 miles of railways and 600 miles of canals. 

This section of the coimtry was first explored by the French La 
Salle about 1680. The first permanent settlement was made at 
Marietta in 1788. 

The general surface is that of an undulating plain divided by the 
main watershed into two slopes; the northern slope draining into 
the Great Lakes, and the southern slope into the system of the 
Mississippi. We even read of a house in Ohio from which the rain 
on one side of the roof makes its way to the Atlantic by way of the 
vSt. Lawrence, and on the other side follows the Mississippi to the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

On the trip west our route lies along the southern slope; on the 
return it will cross the northern part of the vState. 

Ohio is a large producer of wool, Ijutter, cheese, grain, and live 
stock. Extensive capital is invested in horticulture. Ohio wines 
rank high among American vintages. The total value of its fruits 
is nearly 19,000,000. The strawberry is the most important small 
fruit. Its live stock product is of great value; the State ranks 
second in number of swine. The wool clip for 1901 reached 
13.370,553 pounds. 

Ohio occupies the first place in Lake Erie fisheries. In 1899 the 
catch in Lake Erie was over 58,000,000 pounds. Interior fishing 



FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI. 

and fish culture have rapidly increased. The fisheries of Grand 
Reservoir are said to be the largest from an artificial body of water 
in the world. 

Ohio is also one of the foremost manufacturing States; it possesses 
great natural advantages and vast wealth of raw material. In 1900, 
there were 32,398 manufacturing establishments, reporting a com- 
bined capital of 1605,792,266. The State leads the country in the 
production of sandstone. There are large deposits of coal and 
petroleum and a great volume of natural gas. 

In 1900, Ohio ranked first in value of pottery produced, and second 
in production of pig iron. 

Educationally the State is noted for its large number of small 
colleges. 

The first city of importance on our route is the State capital, Co- 
lumbus (population 125,560), a large railroad center. The State 
prison, the largest prison in the country, is located here, also the 
largest institution for the feeble-minded in the United States. Ohio 
is one of the most active and progressive States in its organization 
and conduct of State charitable and correctional institutions. Cin- 
cinnati (population 325,902), the most important city in Ohio, lies 
some 50 miles to the south on the Ohio River, which separates 
the State from Kentucky. The city is distinguished not only for 
its industries, but for its cultivation of music and other arts. 

We traverse the entire width of the State of Ohio and enter In- 
diana, which forms the western boundary. 

We shall pass through other cities of Ohio on our return along 
its northern boundary. 

STATE OF INDIANA. 

[Population, 2,516,462; area, 36,350 square miles.] 

Indiana was first settled by the French 1702. It was admitted 
into the Union in 1816. The average altitude is 735 feet. The State 
has but 60 miles of coast line on Take Michigan. The Ohio River 
forms the entire southern boundary, and the Wabash River drains 
three-fourths of the entire area. Agriculture is the leading indus- 
try. In 1900 Indiana ranked next to Kansas in production of winter 
wheat. The entire cereal crop in the same year, including wheat, 
corn, oats, rye, barley, and buckwheat, was valued at 164,204,491. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

Fruits and berries are cultivated extensively. Stock raising is an 
important industry, 3,500,000 acres being under pasture. 

A wonderful impulse was given to manufacturing industries by 
the discovery of natural gas, which has an area of 2,850 square 
miles. The value of the output of natural gas is 17,254,539. The 
development of oil fields is steadily increasing. The number of 
wells producing in 1900 was 6,113, and the total production was 
valued at 14,693,983. 

Among the principal industries is glass making — over 13,000 be- 
ing employed in this industry — tinplate making, machinery, furni- 
ture, and paper manufacturing. The annual appropriation for 
public schools is over $23, 000, 000. 

As in Ohio, our route going westward runs through the southern 
portion of the State, and the northern portion will likewise be 
crossed on our return. We pass through Indianapolis, the capital 
and principal city of the State, population 169,164; an important 
railroad center, and a distributing point for a large population. 
The principal manufactories are furniture, wagons, and bicycles. 
Close to the western boundary of the vState is Terre Haute, popula- 
tion 36,673. Its name, like those of Des Moines, Detroit, Rochelle, 
and other cities in the central West, is a reminiscence of French 
occupation. 

STATE OF ILLINOIS. 

[Population, 1900, 4,821,530; area, 56,650 square miles.] 

One of the foremost agricultural vStates, a leading producer of 
corn, oats, hay, and live .stock. The area is about equal to that of 
England and Wales. It is the first State in railway mileage, hav- 
ing 6 per cent of the total mileage of the United States. In 1850 
the nimiber of miles of railway in the State was 1 1 1 ; in 1900, 1 1 ,002 ; 
per 100 square miles of territory, 19.65; per 10,000 inhabitants, 
25.04. The corresponding figures for the United States and Euro- 
pean countries are as follows: Number of miles of railroad per 100 
squaremilesof territory— United States, 6.2; England, 25.4; France, 
9.8; Germany, 14.3; Belgium, 25.2. Miles per 10,000 inhabitants — 
United States, 24.5; England, 5.1; France, 6.7; Germany, 5.6; 
Belgium, 4.3. 



FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI. 



The State was first explored by the French under Marquette in 
1679. Indian troubles retarded its early development. Since the 
Black Hawk war of 1832 it has been the field of peaceful and rapid 
progress. In its physical features it is one of the most level States 
in the country. It is well watered and drained by a number of 
large rivers. The climate is healthful and bracing. Agricul- 
ture is the leading industry, the State ranking first in the produc- 
tion of oats and second in corn. Almost every branch of 
agriculture, horticulture, stock, and dairy industries are in thriving 
condition. Illinois ranks first of the inland States in its fisheries, 
the catch in 1900 being 11,500,000 pounds. 




-**z.^i» Ss'^ ^'^'^'^' 






Union Station, St. Louis 



There are a number of large manufacturing cities in the State in 
addition to Chicago, the metropolis of the central West, which lies 
on the route of the return trip, and will be referred to later. 

In 1900 there were 38,360 manufacturing establishments employ- 
ing a combined capital of $776,829,598. The value of manufac- 
tured products was 11,259,571,105, or |2oo,ooo,ooo more than the 
national debt of the United States. The State leads all others in 
the manufacture of distilled liquors. It is second in the produc- 
tion of bituminous coal. There is a large output of Bessemer steel 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

rails, nails, pig iron, bricks, tiles, and pottery. The Elgin watch 
factory is one of the largest in the world. 

The capital city is Springfield, population 34,159, center of coal 
industry, home of Abraham Lincoln. Peoria is the second city in 
the State, population 56, 100. 

The manufacturing industries of Illinois lie mostly in the north- 
ern part of the State, which will be crossed on the return trip. 
Our route westward lies across the level and fertile fields of the 
famous prairies of the State. The only city of industrial impor- 
tance is East St. Louis, situated on the Mississippi River. Its river 
trade is large and there are a number of manufacturing industries; 
population 29,655. 

We cross by bridge the Mississippi River, the largest stream in 
North America and enter the State of Missouri and St. Louis, the 
primary goal of our pilgrimage. 



FROM THE 



MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 



SECOND STAGE 



TOUR OF THE 

NTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION 

FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 



The Interparliamentary Union now enters upon the second stage 
of its journey. Leaving St. Louis for Kansas City we are carried 
upon another of the most prominent of American railway lines, 
the Chicago, Burlington and Ouincy, now more generally and con- 
veniently designated "the Burlington route." 

A few words as to the country it traverses and its interesting rela- 
tion to the development of the sections it unites will not be amiss. 

We shall pass through a fertile and picturesque portion of one of 
the most unique States in the Union, the State of Missouri. Our 
route runs in an almost direct line from east to west a short way 
north of the center of the State. A portion of the distance, between 
St. Louis and Mexico, a town in Missouri, is traversed by a new 
line, and the passenger has the novel experience of witnessing the 
birth of new towns in a very old country. Jefferson City, scarcely 
more than too miles away, was settled in 1719, yet here, nearly 
two hundred years later, enterprise finds a field for development 
which in some respects seems extremely primitive. Farther to the 
westward an older portion of the line is encountered, and there 
the evidences of long habitation are again apparent. Some of the 
towns passed are older than cities which now have a population 
rising high above the 100,000 mark. 

To those interested in the future development of the United States 
as a nation this section shotild be of unusual importance, for here, 
where the memorable Missouri Compromise had its birth, a transi- 
tion is in progress, and the State's unexcelled resources are to be 
quickened into new activity. 




Mystic Falls. 



FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

In short, the railway is pioneering through an old country in its 
effort to lessen time by lessening distance. 

Pioneering has been the lot of American railways; they have been 
the harbingers of civilization. The " C, B. and O.," as it is famil- 
iarly termed in the West, has been one of the greatest factors in the 
development of the vast tract between the Mississippi and the Rocky 
Mountains. Yet it is scarcely half a century old, having had its in- 
ception not earlier than 1849, twenty years after steam power was 
first employed in American railway service. 

The courage of American enterprise and the rapidity of its prog- 
ress are shown in the history of the railroad, which is a part of the 
history of the country it traverses. Its actual construction has 
been accomplished in less than a half century, yet its 8,849 miles of 
main track would be more than sufficient for a rail journey from 
St. Louis to New York, thence to Liverpool, thence back to St. 
Louis, were such journey possible. Its secondary tracks and sid- 
ings, amounting to 2,444 miles, are more than enough to span 
Europe at her greatest breadth. Over these thousands of miles a 
daily average of 950 trains are operated. There are enough Bur- 
lington Route cars to extend in unbroken rank entirely across 
England, and enough passenger cars of varied sorts to form a train 
10 miles long. These cars are drawn by 1,323 locomotives, and 
the operation of the system gives regular employment to 40,000 
men, or more than are comprised in the United States Navy. 

Compare these figures with those of 1856, when the company 
owned but 54 locomotives, 31 passenger coaches, and 594 freight 
cars, and the rapidity of its development becomes apparent. 

But the organization and activity of an American railway system 
is not confined to the country through which it passes, and the 
magnitude of the system is not seen alone in its mileage or rolling 
stock. Thus the Burlington, though it has no rails east of St. 
Louis and Chicago, nor west of the Great Divide, has representa- 
tives abroad and at every city of first rank on both the Atlantic and 
Pacific coasts; it has depots and ticket agents at 274 cities, towns, and 
villages in Illinois, 230 in Iowa, 29 in Wisconsin, 10 in Minnesota, 
171 in Missouri, 277 in Nebraska, 32 in Kansas, 28 in Colorado, 18 
in Wyoming, 23 in South Dakota, and 7 in Montana. It maintains 
a regular service of trains from St. Louis and Chicago on the east 
into most of the States included in the territory of the Louisiana 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



Purchase. Into some of these States the Burlington went as a 
pioneer. In some instances its rails were laid through long 
stretches of country before any permanent settlers arrived to take 
up the land. As a Western road it had to serve civilization both as 
herald and handmaid. That portion of it which the Interparliamen- 
tary Union uses is wholly within a country where the soft speech 




Long Lake and Snowy Range, Colorado. 



and the courteous manners of the old South .still prevail, and where, 
while the surface is broken and hilly, there are many fine valleys 
with fertile and well-timbered lowlands, and, more rarely, prairies. 
Yet this same system has extended its rails to the lake regions of 
Minnesota, where entirely different customs and methods prevail; 
to the " Rampart Range of the Rockies," where still another phase 



FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

of Americanism is apparent; to the Black Hills of South Dakota, 
unlike any other portion of the globe, and from there on out to 
Montana and the gateway of Yellowstone Park. 

Thus, if one were to travel completely over this one of many 
great American systems, he would be made acquainted with four 
distinct sections of country, each a little world within itself, with 
distinctive physical environments, distinctive characteristics and 
modes of living. 

MISSOURI. 

[Population in 1900, 3,106,665. Area, 69,415 sqnare miles.] 

Missouri, pronounced as though spelled Mis-soo-ree, and derived 
from an Indian word signifying "muddy," was settled by the 
French atFort Orleans, near Jefferson City, in 1719, and has played 
a prominent part in the affairs of the nation ever since. It was the 
eleventh State after the formation of the Union to be admitted to 
the sisterhood of States, and received its present limits in 1835. 

A rapidly developing agricultural State; ranks third in the pro- 
duction of corn; great production of other cereals, live stock, and 
fruit. Extensive nianufacturies centering at St. Louis. Consider- 
able output of coal, lead, and zinc. 

Missouri first became United States territory by the Louisiana 
purchase of 1803. The Territory of Missouri was organized in 
1812. The act which enabled Missouri to enter the Union as a 
slave State was known as the "Missouri Compromise," and was 
approved June, 1821. 

In the southern portion of the State the Ozark Mountains rise to 
a height of 1,697 feet. The rest of the State is mostly good farm 
land, undulating prairies, or gentle hill land. The State is drained 
by the two greatest rivers of the country, the Mississippi and the 
Missouri, affording nearly 1,000 miles of navigable waterway. Its 
frontage on the Mississippi is 500 miles. 

In agriculture the staple products are cereals, tobacco, and fruit. 

Horticulture is one of the most profitable pursuits in the State. 
The fruit farms in southwestern Missouri are an important source 
of wealth. Apples and peaches are grown extensivel}-. There 
has been a great increase in the number of trees since 1890. There 
are more than 20,000,000 apple trees, an increase of 145 per cent; 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



4<557>365 peach trees, an increase of 129 per cent. The vakie of 
the fruit crop in 1897 was |l2o,ooo,ooo. Stock and poultry raising 
and dairy farming are important industries. The value of animal 
products in 1899 was 1^97,841,944; dairy products, 1115,042,360; 
poultry, 19,525,252; eggs, 18,315,371. 

Missouri is one of the foremost manufacturing States of the Union. 
The total capital invested in manufactories is 11249,888,581. The 
Ozark Mountains are rich in minerals; coal, lead, iron, and zinc 
are the principal ores. Glass sand, kaolin, and fine clay are plenti- 
ful. Deposits of onyx and gold have also been found. 




On the Way to the Mines. 



The State is well wooded except on the northern and western 
sections. Oak, walnut, sycamore, hickor3^ and pecan are found. 

St. Louis, with which our guests have already become well ac- 
quainted, is the metropolis of the State and the most important city 
on the Mississippi River. It serves as an immense distributing 
center to a vast agricultural district. In the race for commercial 
supremacy the railroad has outstripped the steamboat, and much 
commerce is now carried on by rail which was once carried by 
water. It will be seen by the State map that our route lies almost 

36 



FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

due west across the State. No large cities are noticeable till we reach 
Kansas City. St. Joseph is the third city of the State. Kansas 
City and St. Joseph have each doubled their population in the last 
fifteen years. This growth is largely due to the slaughtering and 
packing industries. 




Gateway to the Garden of the Gods. 



To see how rapidly an American mining town may increase one 
should go to Joplin, an enterprising city in the center of a great 
zinc and mining district. In ten years, from 1890 to 1900, its popu- 
lation (26,023) increased 161. 7 per cent. 

Kansas City, on the extreme west boundary of the State, on the 
Missouri River, is our next stopping place; an enterprising city, 
so enterprising indeed that, disregarding the political boundaries 
of the State and the natural boundary of the river, it stretches across 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

into the State of Kansas. Next to Chicago it has the large.st meat- 
packing interests in the world. It has a large wholesale trade and 
is an important grain market. 

KANSAS. 
[Population in 1900, 1,470,495; area, 82,080 squaie miles.] 

An enormous producer of live .stock and cereals; leading wheat 
State; first State in zinc production. x\rea about equal to that of 
Great Britain. Excluding Alaska and Pacific island territory, 
Kansas lies in the geographical center of the United States. 

The State was first visited by the Spaniards in 1541, by the French 
in 1719. The larger part was acquired by the United States in the 
Louisiana purchase. Southwestern Kansas was Mexican territory 
till 1848. Kansas Territory was organized in I S54. It was admitted 
as a vState in 1861. 

Its surface is mostly rolling prairie, sloping to the Missouri River; 
soil generally fertile. The elevation ranges from about 700 feet in 
the ea.st to about 4,000 feet in the west. 

The State ranks high in all agricultural pursuits, first in wheat, 
second in hay, fourth in rye, and fifth in corn and barley. The 
most remunerative industries in 1902 were corn growing and stock 
raising. The corn sold for 178,321,653 and the live stock products 
for 1165,695,332. These figures are the home values, the amount 
for which they sold in Kansas. The ultimate selling price would 
be nearly twice the figures given. In 1902 there were in the State 
over 13,000,000 fruit-bearing trees, and nearly 5,000,000 fruit trees 
not yet bearing. 

The Mi.ssouri, the only navigable river, forms the eastern bound- 
ary for 150 miles, and is an important commercial highway. The 
other principal rivers are the Kansas and Arkansas; the former with 
its tributaries drains more than half the State. Though Kansas is 
preeminently agricultural, the numerous streams afford abundant 
water power for factory and irrigation purposes, and important 
indu.strial establishments have been organized, the combined capital 
of which was, in 1900, ;f66, 827,362, employing about 40,000 men. 
This combined capital, representing 7,830 manufacturing establish- 
ments, is exceeded in value b}' the productions of 1 1 meat-packing 

38 



FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

establishments, valued at 176,829,139, while its 533 flour mills repre- 
sent a capital of 121,926,768. The State ranks third in the produc- 
tion of salt. 

On leaving Kansas City, Mo., we find that we are out of the 
State before we are out of the city, for, as already said, Kansas 




A Pikes Peak Prospector. 

City, Kans., is but the other half of Kansas City, Mo. While the 
commercial and business interests of these cities are identical, the 
political boundary which divides them means a difference in laws 
and difference in administration. 

Topeka, the State capital, is the next city worthy of .special note. 
It is an important railroad center, with extensive manufactories; 
population, 33,608. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

At Bellville, a town of 2,500 inhabitants, we pass on to the main 
road of the Rock Island Line. The uniformit}' of gauge in Ameri- 
can roads now makes it comparatively easy to move from one rail- 
road system to another. The Rock Island sj^stem is another of the 
great railroads of the West. Its engines will pull our train through 
a vast agricultural country, mostly open prairie, but dotted fre- 
quently with towns of 1,500 to 3,000 inhabitants. 

In these rapid notes we are singling out mainly the material 
resources of the country through which we pass, but nearly every 
State has its distinctive features, whether historic, social, industrial, 
or political. 

Many of these aspects are of much interest in the historic devel- 
opment of our country. Kansas entered the Union in 1S61, when 
the nation was just in the throes of civil war, and its admission was 
the end of a long preliminary conflict. Kansas, though far removed 
geographically from the State of Maine, has, like it, experimented, 
as have other States, in the legal control of the liquor traffic on the 
basis of prohibition. 

Goodland is the last town in Kansas on our route. Eighteen 
miles west of Goodland the train crosses the boundary into the 
State of Colorado. 

STATE OF COLORADO. 

[Population, 539,700; area, 103,925 square miles.] 

One of the richest States in the Union in gold and silver. Has 
300 mountains, 900 lakes, and 60 rivers. Many of the highest 
peaks in the Rocky Mountains are within its boundaries. The 
highest Colorado peak, Sierra Blanca, 14,464 feet, is 1,316 feet less 
than Mount Blanc. The area of the vState is a little less than that 
of Italy. 

And now we enter another State which has been endowed by 
nature with great versatility of resource. It is a State of mountain 
and plain ; it is dry and yet it is well watered. Invisible and incalcu- 
lable treasures are hidden in the earth from the view of the traveler, 
but its bold and inimitable scenerj- compel awe and admiration. In 
the eastern part are the Great Plains, mostly treeless; the average 
elevation is 5,000 feet, but the traveler riding along at this elevation 
hardly svispects that he is moving on a continuous mountain from 



FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

which might be carved a whole battalion of peaks the height of 
Mount Washington in the White Mountains of New England. 

The vast mineral resources of this State tempt the miner, its 
pasture land the herdsman, its wooded belts the lumberman, and 
the capacity of the soil inider irrigation the horticulturist and the 
farmer. And yet while the State is so tempting to those who have 




Summit of Pikes Peak. 



to get their living by hard work, its pure, dry, and bracing air 
makes it a favorite resort for invalids. Tourists and lovers of noble 
scenery visit it for its picturesque caiions or the solemn grandeur 
of its mountains. Whether we go below the surface or far above 
it, or remain on level ground, Colorado has much to offer us. It is 
the home of an enterprising, progressive, and intelligent people. 
It is interested in educational and moral advance. The lawyers in 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

our party would be interested in visiting the "juvenile" court, 
conducted by Judge Lindsay, of Denver, for Colorado has been one 
of the pioneers in this now most popular and progressive movement 
in the United States. 

Colorado is the only State on our route of the four in the United 
States in which women may vote for President and for all other 
officers from the head of the nation to the smallest office within the 
precincts of the municipality, and may also hold office as well as 
vote. 



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A FOUR-POUNDER. 



As will be seen by the expansion map in our itinerarj-, the terri- 
tory was acquired under the Louisiana purchase of 1803 and the 
Mexican cessions of 1848, yet the Spaniards had made explorations 
three hundred years before. The first settlement was made by 
trappers on the present site of Denver in 185S. Colorado Territory 
was organized in 1861 and was admitted into the Union as a State 
August I, 1876. 

The State is divisible into three great natural divisions; the great 
plains of the east, mostly treeless, whose average elevation is 5,000 
feet; the well-watered and timbered foothills west of the plains, 
6,500 to 8,000 feet; the Rocky Mountain region covering nearly the 
entire western half of the State and including many of the highest 



FROM THE MISSISSIPPI TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

peaks. There are a number of notable natural "parks" and beau- 
tiful mountain lakes 7,000 to 9,500 feet above sea level. 

The wooded area comprises about 13,000,000 acres. Yellow and 
white pine and spruce predominate. Timber culture is receiving 
attention. 

Large areas are capable of cultivation under irrigation. The 
amount of irrigable farming land is estimated at 5,000,000 acres; 
there are under irrigation 1,611,271 acres. The western slope is 
adapted to peaches and grapes. 

Cattle raising and sheep husbandry are extensive pursuits on the 
western slopes, which are covered with nutritious grasses. Colorado 
is one of the great wool-producing States. The wool clip for 1901 
was 8,254,019 pounds. 

Mining is the leading industry. The State led all others in 
the production of precious metals. In 1900 the value of gold pro- 
duced was $28, 147,681; silver, 112,488,774. The output of lead was 
^7,770,196; of copper, 11,293,041. No equal area in the world sur- 
passes Colorado in amount of coal. A conservative estimate of the 
amount of available coal in the State places it at 45,197,100,000 
tons. In 1900 5,000,000 tons were mined. 

Manufacturing industries are steadily increasing in number and 
importance, favored by the abundance of raw material and great 
natural advantages. The value of all manufactured products in 
1900 was $102,830,137, an increase of 142 per cent in a decade. 
Colorado is the leading Western State in the production of coke. 

The most important city is Denver, the capital, a commercial and 
railway center; population 1900, 133,859. Pueblo, the second city, 
is the center of a fine agricultural and stock-raising region. Col- 
orado Springs is a prominent railroad center and a notable health 
resort. Leadville, Cripple Creek, Boulder, and Trinidad are centers 
of mining population. 

As to the notable scenery of Colorado, our guests will not in 
this tour have much time to read about it. They will see it with 
their own eyes and form their own impressions. 



FROM THE 



Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes 



THIRD STAGE 



TOUR OF THE 

NTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 
TO THE GREAT LAKES. 



Having seen the Rocky Mountains, or a portion of them, our 
guests will not go away with the impression that the United vStates 
is wholly a flat country. We turn on our heel now and make our 
way backward to the East by a new route. The first section of our 
homeward journey will carry us about 200 miles through north- 
eastern Colorado, when we cross the southern part of Nebraska to 
Omaha. This " run" is made, as will be seen by the historic map 
illustrating the growth of the country, entirely through the "Loui- 
siana Purchase." Our guests, though they only go through the 
central belt of that vast territory ceded by France in 1803, will get 
a better impression of its significance through this personal experi- 
ence than by reading any facts we may bring together. 

We start on our homeward journey on the lines of the Union 
Pacific road, which has the honor of being the first road to place a 
band of iron across the continent. California, it will be seen by 
our map, was ceded to the United States in 1848; but though there 
was a political union, the vast stretch of plains and two great 
mountain barriers — the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas — 
separated the western slope from the Eastern States. We are so 
familiar now with the construction of railroads that we hardly real- 
ize the courage and enterprise which were illustrated in laying the 
first rails across the continent. 

It was on July i, 1862, that the Union Pacific Railroad Company 
was chartered, special arrangements which amounted to Govern- 
ment supervision, if not control, being made necessary by the nature 
of the enterprise and the condition of national affairs. Under the 
circumstances of national conflict and with a just conception of the 
magnitude of the task, the time fixed for opening the road was 
July I, 1876, a period of fourteen years; but, under the stimulus of 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

political exigency and business requirements, work was pushed to 
such an extent that the line was completed May lo, 1869, in one- 
half of the time expected. If the new road was a problem of con- 
struction for the white man, it meant a problem of reconstruction 
for the Indian, who looked upon it with strange and suspicious 
curiosity. One of the chief duties of the Army in the West after 
the close of the civil war was the protecting of the construction 
forces of the company from raiding parties of Indians. But the 
Indians soon learned that they could not stand in the way of the 
locomotive. 

When transcontinental passenger service by rail began, seven 
days were required for the trip from Omaha to San Francisco, a 
distance which is now covered in sixty hours. The inauguration 
of through-train service across the plains was one of the greatest 
steps in the progress of the United States. During the civil-war 
period St. Joseph, Mo., was the outpost of civilization and the 
terminus of the most westerly railroad line. This was just about 
half the distance across the continent. From thence started the 
stages across the plains, and the celebrated pony express. With 
the completion of the first continental road this picturesque and 
romantic method of transportation and the old ' ' prairi e schooners, ' ' 
as the early emigrant wagons were called, disappeared from the 
plains and canyons of the West. 

The locomotive, like the buffalo, had to live on the countr}- 
through which it passed. The first coal mines west of the Missouri 
River were opened at Carbon and Rock Springs, Wyo., in 186S, 
with a view to supplying one of the most important requirements 
of the railroad. The Union Pacific now has in its service 517 loco- 
motives, 351 cars of various kinds in its passenger equipment, and 
13,177 cars in its freight equipment. 

STATE OF NEBRASKA. 

[Population, 1900, 1,066,300. Area, 77,510 .square miles. Length, from east to 
west, 413 miles; north to south, 20S miles. Agriculture and grazing are the 
chief employments of the people: an extensive producer of meats and cereals; 
the western part of the State dependent on irrigation.] 

The first settlement made by whites in this State was in 1847. 
Nebraska Territory was organized in 1854, and was admitted to the 
Union in 1867. 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 

Like Kansas this State is an immense prairie, sloping gradually 
to the east and draining into the Mississippi system. The eastern 
half is well watered. Agriculture is the leading industry. In 1899 
the value of the crop was 192,469,362. The value of honey and 
beeswax in 1899 was 1105,676. Fruit growing is a thriving indus- 
try, the apple crop leading. A large portion of the State is espe- 
cially adapted for grazing, and stock raising ranks next to agri- 
culture in importance. The dairy products are large; total value 
|8, 595, 000. Eggs in 1900 sold for over $4,000,000, and poultry 




Irrigated Wheat Fai^.m, Nebraska. 



13,500,000. The packing of meat and meat products with large 
mills for the preparation of cereals are the leading manufacturing 
pursiiits. Coal is mined in certain parts of the State, but the 
output is comparative!}' small. 

The railroad mileage of the State is 5,684, or 53.3 per 10,000 in- 
habitants. The educational facilities are high and the State claims 
the lowest rate of illiteracy in the Union. 

We pass through North Platte, population 3,640. It is the head- 
quarters of the largest live-stock interests of the State. 

Kearney, population 5,634, is the site of the State Reform School. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



Grand Island, population 7,554, is the metropolis of the central 
section of Nebraska and does a large distributing business. There 
are 15 mills and factories, the largest being the works of the 
American Beet Sugar Company, with an output of 7,000,000 pounds 
of granulated sugar. 

Columbus, population 3,522, is in the center of the best farming 
section. Then we have a straight stretch of track 40 miles long, as 
straight as a surveyor could make it. 

Fremont, population 7,241, is a prosperous farming center. 

South Omaha is called the "magic city" because of its phenome- 
nal growth. The census returns show that in the decade of 1890 to 




The Overland Limited leaving Grand Island. 



1900 its population grew from 8,062 to 26,001, or 228 per cent. This 
increase in population is due to development of the stock yards. 
From being a suburb of Omaha it has grown to be the third largest 
live-stock market and meat-producing center in the country. 

Leaving South Omaha the train descends 100 feet in 4 miles to 
the city of Omaha, the metropolis of the State, population 102,- 
555. This is a typical city of the central part of our country. It 
seems hard to believe that it was only founded in 1854. In fifty 
years it has grown to be a large business and manufacturing center. 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 

It is well paved and lighted, and early rudeness has given place to 
culture and refinement. The city boasts of the largest smelting 
and oil-refining works in the world. In 1902 the value of manu- 
factured products was |i5o,ooo,ooo. The bank clearings for 1902 

aggregated 1351,159, 745- 

And now we have reached again the Missouri River, the great 
winding muddy river whose acquaintance we first made at St. 
Louis. We cross it on an imposing bridge and enter the State of 
Iowa. 




A Lonely American. 

Saying good-by to the Union Pacific, we move off on the steel 
highway of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company. 

There are two features of special interest in the journey from 
Omaha to Chicago. One is the material development of that por- 
tion of Iowa and northern Illinois which the Northwestern line 
traverses; the other is the admirably equipped line of railway 
itself. 

The agricultural wealth of this region is nothing less than mar- 
velous. It is the center of the great bread and butter belt of the 
world. Its citizenship is of the highest class, and its social, educa- 
tional, and religious growth is of the same wholesome and aggres- 
sive character as that which marks its wealth of field and farm. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



Historically, the route of the party is that of the early pioneer. 
While the Pacific railways were being built between the Missouri 
River and the western coast, it was the Chicago and Northwestern 
Railway whose rails first reached Council Bluffs to make complete 




Union Pacific Bridge over Missouri River. 



the rail connection across the continent, prior to which the material 
for the building for the Union Pacific and Central Pacific had to be 
transported part way by the slow and laborious means of wagon 
trains. But the part played by the Chicago and Northwestern 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 

Railway in the development of the West had its beginning even 
earlier than this. The parent company was incorporated in 1836. 
These were days of conservatism and it seems amusing now to think 
that the question was discussed at one time whether it would not 
be wiser to construct a plank road instead of a steam railway, but 
finally in 1848 the rails were laid for a distance of 10 miles west 
from Chicago, reaching out toward Galena, 111., as a western ter- 
minus, that city being at that time of greater population and of 
more commercial importance than Chicago. 

This small beginning of 10 miles was fraught with much signif- 
icance. The men in charge of its affairs kept adding to its mileage, 
pushing across the prairies in various directions until to-day the 
Northwestern line includes 9,064 miles of railway, serving over 
1,700 communities, with a tributary population of over 7,500,000 
people. 

The Northwestern has not only followed the Pioneer, it has 
often preceded him. Its first locomotive, known as the " Pioneer," 
was brought from Buffalo on a brig, and behind this little engine 
were drawn the first load of live stock and the first bushel of wheat 
that ever reached Chicago market by rail. But now a single track 
with sidings would not suffice for the great business of this road, 
and it now has the only double track between Chicago and the 
Missouri River. Courage and aggressiveness have marked its prog- 
ress. The development of the nation has depended largelj' upon 
the productiveness of the great Mississippi Valley, and this in turn 
has depended almost entirely upon the ease with which its grain 
and live stock could be marketed. In this development the Chicago 
and Northwestern has been a great factor, and it required great 
courage and fortitude to carry out the plans for the pioneering work 
that marked the first half century of its history. 

THE STATE OF IOWA. 

[Population in 1900, 2,231,853; area, 56,025 square miles. Foremost State in the 
production of cereals and swine. Other live stock raised in immense 
numbers.] 

Iowa is a State whose inhabitants are not afraid to have visitors 
go over it by daylight. In fact they are very much disappointed 
when they go over it by night. For Iowa has no dreary barren 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

plains or wastes of alkali soil to conceal. Less than i per cent of 
its soil is unfit for cultivation. It is one of the choicest and richest 
sections of the Louisiana purchase. 

It was visited by Marquette and Joliet in 1673; the first attempted 
settlement was made near the present site of Dubuque by the French 
in 1788. The first permanent settlements were made at Dubuque, 
Fort Madison, and Burlington in 1833. Iowa Territory was organ- 
ized in June, 183S; the State was admitted into the Union December 
28, 1846. 

Iowa is entirely within the prairie district, the surface gently 
sloping ea.stward to the Mississippi. The main elevation is 925 feet. 
The Mississippi and Missouri rivers, both navigable, form the east- 
ern and western boundaries. 

No citizens are prouder of their own State than those of Iowa and 
no State has more influential representatives in the counsels of the 
nation. One of these is the Hon. Leslie M. Shaw, Secretary of the 
Treasury of the United States. Perhaps no better idea can be given 
to our guests of the resources and fertility of this famous State than 
by quoting from a public address of Secretary Shaw made by him 
October 2, 1901. 

" Iowa embraces 56,000 square miles — 35,000,000 acres — of which 
less than i per cent is waste. It could be cut into more than 300,000 
farms, each containing 99 acres of arable land and less than an acre 
of waste land. It would afford 2 acres for each familj^ of 7 per- 
sons in the United States. It would accommodate all the people of 
the globe with 4 square rods of ground to each man, woman, and 
child. Of this great body of land about 40 per cent is annually 
devoted to the production of the common cereals. 

"In 1900 this 40 per cent produced over 300,000,000 bushels of 
corn, 130,000,000 bushels of oats, 22,000,000 bushels of wheat, 
12,000,000 bushels of barley, 2,000,000 biishels of rye. It would re- 
quire 1,000,000 cars to handle this product. Iowa ranks first in the 
sisterhood of States in the production of both corn and hay, second 
in the production of oats and barley, fifth in rye, and seventh in 
wheat. She grows 20 per cent of the nation's product of barley, 16 
per cent of its oats, and 14^/2 per cent of its corn. She produced 
last year over 5 tons of grain for each man, woman, and child in 
the State. This 40 per cent of the land of our State produced over 
a pint of food cereals for each man, woman, and child in the United 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 

States for each day in the year, quite sufficient to sustain life, and 
more than the equivalent of the average ration consumed by the 
human family. 

" If all our arable land were in crop it would require a single line 
of railroad eight months to transport it, trains of 40 cars following 
along every ten minutes. Plant only the arable land of Iowa, and 
we would have, after feeding all the necessary teams, more grain 
than all the people of the United States could consume, restricted 
to a purely cereal diet. The only way the agricultural products of 
Iowa can be consumed by 76,000,000 people is by first transforming 
large portions into such luxuries as Iowa beef, pork, and poultry, 
and into such delicacies as Iowa eggs, milk, cream, and butter. 

' ' The lands of Iowa are now so used that we not only produce 
the 466,000,000 bushels of the ordinary cereals heretofore referred 
to, but in addition grow 1,200,000 bushels of flaxseed, nearly a 
million bushels of grass seed, 14,000,000 bushels of potatoes, and 
700,000 bushels of other vegetables; 3,000,000 bushels of apples, 
and 250,000 bushels of other tree fruit; 12,000,000 pounds of grapes, 
and 100,000 bushels of other small fruit; 5,000,000 tons of hay, and we 
have left 8,000,000 acres in pasture, the product of which is worth 
|2o,ooo,ooo. We annually prepare for market 1,500,000 beeves, 
and have 3,000,000 head of cattle left. We fatten and market 
5,000,000 hogs, and hold 4,000,000 on our farms. We stall-feed 
500,000 sheep and clip 2,000,000 pounds of wool. We make 100, 
000,000 pounds of butter, produce 60,000,000 dozen eggs, worth 
|;6,ooo,ooo, sell |;2,ooo,ooo worth of fat poultry, and have stored for 
our consumption, by 80,000 colonies of bees whose industry is ex- 
celled only by that of our people, 7,000,000 pounds of honey, the 
equivalent of eight train loads of 40 cars each, 20,000 pounds to the 
car. 

"Perhaps you are now prepared for this additional item of in- 
formation. Iowa has more banks than any other State in the Union, 
and from the best available data more than one-half of its banking 
capital is held by farmers or those who have made fortunes on their 
farms. These banks hold over |;2oo,ooo,ooo on deposit, and of this 
enormous amount 75 per cent is owned by farmers, active and re- 
tired. 

' ' When the first wheat was transported bj' rail from the Missouri 
River to the Atlantic Ocean, thence by ship to Liverpool, it cost 61 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



cents to market it. It was then weighed and loaded, then unloaded, 
put in elevators, weighed out, reloaded, reshipped again and again, 
and at great expense. It now costs 2i}4 cents to take a bushel of 
wheat from the Missouri River to Liverpool. 

"Within thirty months, by reason of improved railroads, lighter 
grades, fewer curves, heavier iron, and larger locomotives, a single 
engine will haul, not 170 tons, as formerly, but 2,000 tons from the 
Missouri River to the sea, where it will be unloaded from the car 
direct to ships, carrying not 2,000 tons, as formerly, but 28,000 
tons; and the saving in expense of transportation and handling 
and water rates will insure the producer better prices and the con- 
sumer cheaper food. Our people understand all this, and they are 
both contented and happy. They are building better houses; they 
are planning better schools; they are putting more pianos in the 
parlors; more books on the shelves; more sunshine in the homes; 
and they are advancing the price of their farms more and more 
rapidly, for they know the time is not far distant when these lands 
will again double in value. They can be now rented for cash, and 
will pay a better income on twice their market value than Govern- 
ment bonds at current quotations." 

In another public address given somewhat earlier Secretary 
Shaw, who was governor of the State for several years, and has 
been closely identified with its developments, says: 

" Underneath much of it is a deposit of coal, sufficient to supply 
the world for a century. I can take you to a county every foot of 
which is coal as well as farm land, and where in twenty years, I am 
told, the several mines in operation have exhausted but 100 acres. 
At that rate the coal of that county will la.st two thousand years, 
and whole congressional districts can be carved from lands under- 
laid with coal. 

"Amid the.se temporal conditions there live 2,250,000 people, 97 
per cent of whom, being at proper age, can read and write. 

"The people now (in 1S99) own 14,000 public school buildings, 
in which they maintain schools at an annual expense of over 
|8, 000, 000. They also own 60 schools of higher education, from 
which are graduated 1,500 young men and women per annum. 
Iowa has 2,000 churches and 2,000 parsonages, costing over |;2o, 000,- 
000. I can take you to a town where 1,500 inhabitants levied and 
paid in seven years |i65,ooo for school purposes, then voluntarily 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 

subscribed and paid for higher educational institutions f 55, coo 
and for church purposes |;S5,ooo, making over $200,000 for schools 
and churches in seven years. 

"The people of Iowa have over $100,000,000 on deposit in the 
banks of their State, shovs^ing an increase of 500 per cent in twelve 
years. In addition certainly $60,000,000 have been taken or 
invested beyond State lines." 

Taking up the route more in detail. Council Bluffs is the first 
city on our way in Iowa; population 32,000. It is situated on the 
east bank of the Missouri River, joined to its sister city of Omaha 
by a great bridge, and its industries are practically the same. It 
has a large distributing business and growing manufactures. 

Twenty miles east is a small city of Missouri Valley. Two hun- 
dred miles farther east the route lies through the small Indian 
reservation of the Sac and Fox tribes. 

Cedar Rapids, population 25,657, is the commercial center of 
eastern Iowa, a well-developed and prosperous city. 

Clinton, population 22,698, is situated on the Mississippi River, 
and is of commercial importance. It is the last city of Iowa on our 
route. 

Iowa has several large cities not on the route of this trip. Des 
Moines is the vState capital and metropolis; population 62,139. It 
is a prominent railroad and manufacturing center. Dubuque, 
population 36,297, is the next city in size and the oldest in the 
State. 

After leaving Clinton the train crosses the Mississippi River into 
Illinois. The general resources of this State have been described 
in the first stage of our trip, on the way to St. Louis. 

The first town in Illinois is Fulton; population 3,000. From 
there the route lies across the northern part of the State to Chicago, 
a distance of 136 miles. The country is largely given up to farm- 
ing, but as we approach Chicago the manufacturing industries 
become more and more numerous. The principal city on the route 
is Dekalb, population 6,780, the chief industry being the manu- 
facture of barbed wire. Just before entering the city the State 
Normal School can be seen to the north of the track. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



CHICAGO. 

Chicago has once been reduced to ashes; but who can reduce it 
to a paragraph! Think of putting into a few inches of type a city 
which spreads over miles of prairie and is growing up into the sk}^ 
Besides, no one can describe Chicago as it is who is not buoj-ant 
with enthusiasm as to what it is going to be. Its history is only 
overshadowered b}* its possibilities, and its possibilities are so 
rapidly realized that your narrative of what it is to-day is out of 
date by the time it is off the press. 

Chicago, the metropolis of the central West, has had a history 
which as a marvel of achievement might tax the credulity of a 
reader of the Arabian Nights. In 1S14 it was a frontier port situ- 
ated in a swamp; to-day it is the second city of the Union, with a 
population of almost 2,000,000. Thirty-two years ago it was a 
mass of crumbling ruins, but phenix-like it arose anew from its 
ashes. 

Chicago is the greatest railroad center in the world and has, 
besides, a vast lake trade. Its stock yards employ 30,000 men and 
their products are shipped to every part of the world. It is like- 
wise the greatest grain market in the United States. Millions of 
human beings the world over are fed from its stock yards and its 
grain elevators. It stands first in the production of agricultural 
implements; in total value of manufactured products it is second 
onU' to New York. Its iron and .steel manufactories are extensive. 

The full history of Chicago reads like a romance. Our guests 
will have an opportunity to get a general view of the city and 
Chicago will only have time for a general view of our guests. 

THE PULSE OF TRADE. 

As time and space are both limited let us take a single building 
in Chicago as an indication of how the pulse of trade may beat in 
this great city. That building is occupied by the First National 
Bank. Its office.^ cover two floors, about So, 000 square feet. It 
was organized in December, 1S63, with a capital of 11300,000. Its 
deposits that year were 1431,000. Its capital and surplus in 1894 
amounted to $13,000,000. A few statistics of the business of this 
bank which may claim to rank with the largest banks in the 

58 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 

world will show the enormous amount of its operations in serving 
the community. 

Total number of depositors 9, I77 

Total number of checks on Chicago banks received 

by mail daily i8, 107 

Total number of checks on other towns received by 

mail daily 13, 315 

Total number of checks and deposits handled daily . 73, 712 

Total number pieces outgoing mail for year i, 773, 320 

Total weight outgoing mail for year pounds. . 31, 822 

Total amount of postage paid f 33, 536 

Total amount of money handled daily $2, 864, 000 

Total amount mutilated currency sent to Washing- 
ton for year 1903 |;22, 800, 000 

Total amount of exchange drawn on other cities for 

year 1903 $452, 000, 000 

Total amount bills discounted 1903 I191, 794, 000 

Total amount checks cleared during 1903 |8, 755, 553, 000 

Total amount business 1903 $12, 157, 853, 000 

Number of officers and clerks 500 

Office space occupied (two floors) . . . .square feet. . 80, 000 

The business of a bank is one of those silent forces in a commu- 
nity, which, without noise or vociferation, gives an impulse to the 
great channels of trade. If, on the other hand, our guests want to 
see how dramatically and noisily business can be done, they can 
compare the Paris Bourse with the New York Stock Exchange or 
the Chicago Board of Trade. 

Soon many of the wagons that rumble on the pavement in Chi- 
cago will be out of sight. This will not mean that its business is 
on the decline. It will simply mean that it is carried on under 
ground. Chicago is undermining the whole city with a system of 
tunnels for its enormous freight traffic. The streets will then be 
freer for pedestrians. 

Chicago is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world. It 
is as progressive in walks of philanthrophy and education as in 
matters of business. The Chicago University, founded in 1892, is 
already one of the largest universities in the countr}-. Hull House 
is the pioneer social settlement in America. 

59 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



A LESSON IN DISARMAMENT. 

At Chicago we have exchanged the breezes of the Rock}' Moun- 
tains for the breezes of the Great Lakes. We touch here the first 
of the great inland fresh water seas, shared alike by the United 
States and Canada. Our guests who are seeking to bring about 
international peace will be interested to know that on these great 
lakes which separate the United States from another friendly nation, 
there are no fleets of war vessels nor is there any chain of forts 
along the 3,000 miles of this frontier. Both nations by an under- 
standing which has not been disturbed for more than three-quarters 
of a century agreed to disarmament. Here is a bit of history which 
shows that disarmament is no inpracticable illusion. 

Our route to Niagara will skirt the boundaries of two of the Great 
Lakes. Connection with Buffalo and Chicago is made through two 
great railroad lines, the Michigan Central and the Michigan vSouth- 
ern, the former going by Detroit and the latter by Cleveland. 

THE NEW YORK CENTRAL SYSTEM. 

We pass now upon another of the vast transportation sj'stems of 
America — systems which, like the great arteries of the human body, 
ramifj' and divide from the central channel to promote the endless 
circulation of life and trade. Under the general title of the New 
York Central lines are comprised the New York Central and Hud- 
son River Railroad and branches; Lake Shore and Michigan South- 
ern Railway and branches; Michigan Central Railroad and branches; 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway and branches; 
Boston and Albany Railroad and branches; Pitt.sburgh and Lake 
Erie Railroad; New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad; Lake 
Erie and Western Railroad; Cincinnati Northern Railroad; Detroit, 
Toledo and Milwaukee Railroad; Indiana, Illinois and Iowa Rail- 
road, and Dunkirk, Alleghen}- Valley and Pittsburgh Railroad, 
having a total mileage of 11,505 miles. 

This vast .system operates in the territory bounded on the east 
by New York and Boston, on the north by Montreal and Mack- 
inac, on the west by Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis, and on the 
soiith by Cairo, Louisville, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, and the oil regions 
of Penn.sylvania. 

60 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 



An interesting fact shown by the United States census of 1900 is 
that of the 14,000,000 people living in cities of 100,000 population 
or over, two-thirds were on the New York Central lines, and that 
of the whole 25,000,000 living in cities of 8,000 population and 
over, more than half were on the lines of this great railroad system. 
These figures convey an idea of the immensity and importance of 
the territory served by the New York Central lines. 




Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Station, Chicago. 



The motive power is furnished by locomotives of the most mod- 
ern construction. These machines are capable of a sustained speed 
of over 60 miles an hour while drawing a train of 50 or more pas- 
senger coaches and Pullman cars. Freight trains with from 80 to 
90 loaded cars to the train, each car having a capacity of 60,000 
pounds, are run at frequent intervals. 

Among the trains that have made the service offered by the New 
York Central lines universally known are the "Empire State 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



Express," the fastest long-distance train in the world, making the 
run every week day between New York and Buffalo, a distance of 
440 miles, in 495 minutes, including four stops and twenty-eight 
"slowdowns;" and the "Twentieth Century Limited," which makes 
the distance between New York and Chicago in twenty hours. 

The present Grand Central Station, though but recently rebuilt 
and enlarged, will in a few years be replaced by a station of greatly 
increased proportions, preparatory to installing the electric train 
service. 

Leaving Chicago by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
Railway, the route lies through the cities of Elkhart (.^5,000 peo- 
ple), Toledo (132,000 people), Sandusky (20,000 people), Cleve- 
land (350,000 people), Ashtabula (15,000 people), Erie (55,000 
people), and Dunkirk (12,000 people). These cities are centers of 
industrial activity and the seat of many manufacturing establish- 
ments of great importance. 

We regret that our guests, while seeing so many American facto- 
ries, can see so few American homes. Some of these cities, while 
centers of great industry, are also charming places in which to live. 
Cleveland, for instance, has been famous for many years for its 
Euclid avenue, flanked with beautiful lawns and spacious homes. 
It is further beautified by a lovely park. 

From Toledo to Buffalo the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
Railway skirts the southern shore of Lake Erie and the entire 
country traversed b}' it is rich in agriculture. The eastern terminus 
of the Lake Shore is at Buffalo, which city is the western tenninus 
of the New York Central proper. 

The Michigan Central road is the other of the New York Central 
lines operating between Chicago and Buffalo, and is known as the 
Niagara Falls route. This line runs through the prosperous and 
populous section of southern Michigan and the Province of Ontario, 
Canada, and passes through the important cities of Kalamazoo, 
population 25,000; Battle Creek, population 20,000; Jackson, popu- 
lation 26,000; Ann Arbor, population 13,000; Detroit, population 
286,000. 

These cities, like those on the Lake vShore road, are centers of 
commercial activity, being in a highh' developed agricultural and 
manufacturing section. 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 

[Population in 1900, 2,420,982. Area 58,915 square miles, of which 57,430 square 
miles are of land and 1,485 of water.] 

One of the foremost producers in lumber, iron ore, and copper. 
A leading State in the production of beet sugar and fruit. 

The State consists naturally of two peninsulas separated by the 
Straits of Macinac — width, 4 miles— and surrounded in great part by 
Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. The entire coast line is 
1,600 miles long. The surface of the Upper Peninsula is rugged 
and mountainous, especially in the west; the eastern portion heavily 
timbered or covered with grasses and interspersed with lakes. Nu- 
meroiis streams and rapids in the west afford valuable water power. 
The highest elevation is Porcupine Mountain, 2,023 feet. The sur- 
face of the Lower Peninsula is generally undulating. Michigan 
includes a large number of islands. On these and on its inland 
lakes are attractive summer resorts. 

Michigan passed through the hands of two European powers be- 
fore it became part of the United States. It was colonized by Jesuit 
missionaries. The French took formal possession of the country 
in 1671, and ceded it to Great Britain in 1763. As will be seen by 
our historic map, it was part of the territory acquired by the Revo- 
lution in 1776. A territorial government was formed 1805; it was 
admitted to the Union in 1827. 

The forests of Michigan are one of the most important sources of 
its wealth. It is second to Wisconsin in the lumber industr}'. The 
Lower Peninsula contains the most extensive pine forests in the 
country, and large tracts of cedar and hard woods. Four-fifths of 
the entire area of the Upper Peninsula is heavily timbered. Spruce 
and white poplar furnish wood pulp for paper manufacturers. In 
1900 the lumber cut aggregated 3,462,152,000 feet. The value of 
the lumber product is 168,141,189. 

Agriculture is the leading occupation in the Lower Peninsula, 
where cereals yield abundantly. Michigan is especially famous for 
its potatoes. It is the second State in the production of beet sugar, 
of which the yield in 1900 was 205,925 tons. 

Horticulture is a profitable industry. Apples are the most im- 
portant crop. Market gardening and floriculture are growing pur- 
suits. The strawberry area covers 10,837 acres. 

63 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

Michigan's long coast line on the fresh-water lakes and its many 
inland lakes make its commercial fisheries among the most impor- 
tant in the country-. The annual catch is nearly 35,000,000 pounds. 
Fish culture is an important enterprise. The whitefish hatchery at 
Detroit is the most extensive in the world. 

Shipbuilding is an important factor in the intlustries of the State, 
which consists mainly of lumber, salt, furniture, carriages, and 
wagons. 

Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota produce over one-third the 
total output of lumber of the United States, the Michigan produc- 
tion equaling that of Wisconsin and Minnesota combined. 

The State has an inexhaustible store of mineral wealth. Iron 
ores lead in importance, Michigan excelling all others in produc- 
tion. The copper mines are next in importance to the iron. The 
Culumet and Hecla, the richest and largest copper mines in the 
world, were discovered in 1S66. 

Large quantities of sandstone unsurpassed for building purposes 
are found along the Lake Superior coast. 

Detroit is the largest city in the State, and is a port of entry on 
the Detroit River. 

The University of Michigan is one of the strongest and most 
famous educational institutions of the United States, and the Michi- 
gan School of Mines stands second to none. 

Michigan is an interesting and progressive State. In matters of 
charity and prison reform, and especially in its placing-out S3^stem 
for children, it has taken an advanced position. 

Detroit in addition to being one of the most industrious, is also 
one of the most pleasant cities in the West. Especially has it been 
successful in avoiding the overcrowded tenement houses which are 
a problem in many cities. Many of its working people are com- 
fortabh^ housed in small cottages in the suburbs. 

NIAGARA FALLS. 

As the object of these notes, by the way, is to infonu our guests 
concerning facts and features which can not be seen from the car 
windows, we have not attempted to describe those supreme 
features of natural scenery, which are essentially indescribable. 
Niagara is one of the.se. To attempt to describe it is like trying 



FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES. 



to walk across it on a tight rope. Powers of expression become 
dizzy in the attempt. 

Here is one of the great shrines of the traveler from all parts of 
the world. 

In recent years organized effort was successful, through a com- 
bination of State law and private subscription, in protecting this 
greatest waterfall in the world from exploitation as a merely local 
curiositj^ or from destruction by industrial encroachments. 

Without interfering with the magnificence of the falls, a good 
deal of the water power which formerly went to waste has been 
utilized to generate electricity which moves the wheels of factories 
and electric cars for many miles around, including the city of 
Buffalo. Indeed, some yeai-s ago at a great electrical exposition in 
New York City, power was conveyed from Niagara, more than 400 
miles away. Our guests will have an opportunity for themselves 
to see some of these applications of power, as well as to take in the 
grandeur of the falls. 



6s 



FROM NIAGARA TO THE CAPITAL 



FOURTH STAGE 



TOUR OF THE 

INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION 

NIAGARA TO THE CAPITAL. 



With scarcely an exception, our guests in crossing the Atlantic 
to attend the Interparliamentary Union landed at New York City. 
The metropolis of the nation forms an imposing vestibule to the 
great State which bears its name ; for the city was the parent of the 
State. In reaching Buffalo on the homeward trip from the Rocky 
Mountains they will enter New York from the extreme west, at 
what is now the second largest city in the State, the port of Buffalo. 
We can only briefly delineate the most important features of the 
most populous State in the Union. 

THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 

[Population in 1900, 7,268,894. Area, 49, 170 square miles. J 

First in population, wealth, manufactures, and commerce. Com- 
mercial importance due to New York Harbor and great railways. 
Mineral wealth important, especially salt, iron, and petroleum. 

New York, named in honor of the Duke of York, was one of the 
thirteen original States. First settlement was made by the Dutch 
on Manhattan Island in 1614. The State played an important part 
in the Revolutionary war and in the war of 181 2. 

Its extreme length, east to west, is 412 miles; north to south, 
311. Its boundaries comprise over 800 miles of navigable water- 
way. The surface is greatly diversified. The Adirondack Moun- 
tains are in the northeast; the Catskill, Highlands, and Taconic in 
the south and east. Mount Marcy, in the Adirondacks, is the 
highest mountain in the State and among the most beautiful in 
America; elevation, 5,344 feet. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



The State ranks fourth in the vahie of farm property. New- 
York, having the largest urban population in the country, fur- 
nishes attractive markets for dairy, market gardening, and fruit- 
farming products. Western competition in the more important 
cereals likewise compels diversified farming. 

The State leads all others in the number and value of its nurs- 
eries. Apples, pears, grapes, plums, and small fruits are grown 




NiAciAK'A Falls. 



extensively. Western New York is the chief fruit district. The 
State ranks second in the Union in grapes and is third of the 
Eastern and Middle vStates in the production of apples — 1,643,000 
barrels. 

In manufactures the vState leads all others. In 1900 it had 
78,658 manufacturing establishments, with products valued at 



FROM NIAGARA TO THE CAPITAL. 



12,175,726,900. Its manufacturing primacy is due more to a wide 
variety of products than to a tremendous output of any one, as is 
the case with iron and steel in Pittsburg. The leading industries 
are clothing, foundry and machine products, printing and publish- 
ing, textile fabrics, refined sugar and molasses, tobacco, liquors, 
and lumber products. The State is first in the manufacture of 
fermented liquor, second in the manufacture of cigars, first in flax , 
hemp, and jute goods. Western New York produced in 1900 
1,300,925 barrels of petroleum. The center of the State is renowned 
for its salt production, amounting to 7,900,000 barrels. 




In the Mohawk Valley, on the New York Central. 

The railroad mileage is 8, 121. There are 364 miles of canals. 
The vState has recently appropriated |ioi,ooo,ooo for the enlarge- 
ment and improvement of the Erie Canal. 

New York is justly noted for its numerous educational institu- 
tions; among them Columbia College, established 1754; Cornell 
Universit}', both of which are in the first rank of American uni- 
versities. For women Vassar College, at Poiighkeepsie, and Bar- 
nard, at New York, are conspicuous. There are 16 vState normal 
schools. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

The United States Military Academy has a beautiful location on 
the Hudson River at West Point. 

Buffalo, population 352,387, has an important commerce in grain, 
live stock, lumber, coal, and iron. All the freights of the lakes are 
reshipped here for Eastern points by canal or rail. The iron and 
steel industry is rapidly developing. The new plant of the Lacka- 
wanna Steel Company is the largest in the world. Buffalo expects 
to receive a new impulse to its growth by the improvement of the 
Erie Canal. 




State Capitol. Albany. New York. 



No visitor going through our American cities can have an}^ ade- 
quate idea of what they are as places of residence simply b}' look- 
ing from the car window. Buffalo is justly proud of its Delaware 
avenue. The founders of the city laid it out on broad lines. It is 
the lea.st crowded of any city of its population in the country. The 
Pan-American Exposition was held in Buffalo in 1901. 

Our guests are referred to the large State map of New York for 
details as to the cities and towns through which we pass. The 



FROM NIAGARA TO THE CAPITAL. 



center of the State is the most thickly populated. In going from 
Niagara Falls we pass through the beautiful city of Rochester, 
through the prosperous cities of Syracuse and Utica in the salt dis- 
trict, and then veering toward the southeast, reach Albany, the 
capital of the State, at the head of navigation on the Hudson River. 
No company of visitors at Albany would appreciate more than 
the members of the Interparliamentary Union the splendid great 
capitol building, erected by the State of New York for the accom- 
modation of its legislators and executive offices. 




View from West Point. 



At Albany we take the West Shore branch of the New York 
Central lines and move southward, having a view for the large part 
of the way of the Hudson River. If we thought of the view alone, 
the east side would be preferable for the run to New York, but as 
we are on our way to Washington, and not to the metropolis, we 
take the West Shore route, by which connection can be made at 
Jersey City with the Pennsylvania road. In the neighborhood of 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



Newburgh, however, and at different points along the west bank of 
the Hndson, the view of the river is picturesque and imposing. 

About 20 miles from the mouth of the river we pass again into 
the State of New Jersey. Then on the easj' rails of the Pennsylva- 
nia Road, which we have already traversed as far as Philadelphia, 
we proceed on our way to Washington, passing through the States 
of Delaware and Maryland. 

THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 

[Population in 1900, 184,735. Area, 2,050 square miles.] 

So manj' of our States can boast of their great size that it is inter- 
esting to have two of them which boast of their smallness. 

Next to Rhode Island, Delaware is the smallest »State in the 
Union. It is noted for its peaches, market gardens, and ship- 
building. 

First permanent settlement was made by the Swedes near the 
present site of Wilmington in 163S. The vSwedes gave waj' to the 
Dutch in 1655 and the Dutch to the English in 1664. The territor}' 
was included in the grant given to William Penn in 1681. 

Small political bodies may sometimes move faster than big ones. 
Delaware was the fir.st of the thirteen original States to adopt and 
ratify the Constitution. 

Its extreme breadth is 36 miles; length, no miles. Its surface is 
generally level, one-twentieth of it being composed of tidal marshes, 
partly reclaimed. The highest elevation is 282 feet. 

Its climate is mild, its winters short. The soil and climate are 
especialh" adapted to agricultural pursuits. Market gardening and 
the growing of peaches and small fruits for northern markets are 
the leading industries. The annual value of the peach crop is 
^3,000,000. 

The principal industries are shipbuilding, manufactures of iron 
and steel, leather, cars, flour, and cotton goods. Wilmington, the 
metropolis, has an excellent harbor and large yards for iron and 
steel shipbuilding. 

Delaware is one of the States in which, by reason of its small 
population, its representation in the Senate of the United vStates is 
larger than in the House of Representatives, for under our political 
Constitution every State, whether large or small, is entitled to two 



FROM NIAGARA TO THE CAPITAL. 



Senators and no more, while the number of Representatives depends 
upon the population. Delaware, therefore, has two Senators and 
but one Representative. This occurs also in sparsely populated 
States in the far West. 

We shall pass through Delaware and Maryland on the way south 
in the night, but shall return through them on our way to New York 
by daylight. 

THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

[Population in 1900, 1,190,050, of which 235,620 are colored. Area 12,210 square 

miles.] 

Mar3'land is celebrated for its peaches, crabs, terrapin, and 
oysters. It has been a leading tobacco State since colonial days. 
A foremost State in canning industry. 

The State is physically divided into three sections: Western 
Maryland is mountainous; central Maryland hilly, eastern and 
southern Marjdand level. Chesapeake Bay divides the State into 
two parts. Of its total area, 2,350 square miles are water. In pro- 
portion to area the State leads in extent of navigable waterways. 

Maryland leads all other States in the value of its oyster fisheries. 
Thirty-two thousand persons are directly engaged in this industry 
and the capital invested amounts to #6,697,302. The yield is nearly 
10,000,000 bushels. 

Maryland was early noted for its religious toleration, which it has 
always preserved. 

Baltimore, about 40 miles from Washington, suffered last winter 
a devastating fire which destroyed a large portion of the city. Its 
people have taken hold of the enormous task of rebuilding the 
waste section with wonderful energy. 

Baltimore is the seat of Johns Hopkins Univensity, which was 
the first great educational institiition in the United States to be 
organized on the university idea. Baltimore is likewise noted for 
its charities, for its Johns Hopkins Hospital, and its Enoch Pratt 
Library. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

[Population, 278,916; area, 70 square miles; greatest breadth, 9 .square miles; 
length, 10 miles.] 

The District of Columbia, named in honor of Christopher Colum- 
bus, is a district separated altogether from state jurisdiction and 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 

set apart for the national capital. It is made up from land ceded 
to the Federal Government by the States of Maryland and Virginia. 
Washington was laid out in 1791 and became the seat of govern- 
ment in 1800. Territorial government existed for a period, but for the 
last twenty-five years the District has been governed by three Com- 
missioners appointed by the President. As there is no local or 
municipal council in Washington, all matters requiring appropria- 
tions or the exercise of legislative authority are determined by the 
Congress of the United vStates. The government of the city is 
therefore different from that of any other American city. 

THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 

Washington is the most beautiful city in the United States. 
Charles Dickens spoke of it as the " City of magnificent distances;" 
and in his da}-, though Washington was much smaller than it is 
now, such distances before the advent of electric cars and asphalt 
pavement made a great impression on pedestrians. But in the last 
twenty-five years Washington has been transformed. Its streets 
are paved with asphalt, it has a fine electric car service, and is a 
kind of paradise for lovers of the bicycle and the automobile. 

Before the civil war the city was as a place of residence more 
like a village than a cit}-. It might have been called, as it was, a 
"city of magnificent intentions." To-day, however, many of the 
intentions have been effectively realized. Its broad avenues radiat- 
ing from its "circles," its shady streets, its magnificent public 
buildings, its fine resident district adorned with beautiful homes, 
its improved sanitary conditions, give it now a distinction which 
the capital of the nation merits. Many cities which are laid out 
on a great plan fail to grow vip to the expectation of the architect; 
but the courage and foresight of the brilliant Frenchman who laid 
out Washington has been justified in its ever-expanding beaut3^ 

This little sketch of our route is not meant to take the place of a 
local guidebook; we make no attempt to catalogue the many 
things in Washington which are worth seeing. The two things 
which are most evident, and which the visitor will find it easy to 
remember because the}- can not be easily forgotten, are the impos- 
ing Capitol and the Washington Monument. 

The National Library is another commanding building of vast 
dimensions, with a vestibule of stately grandeur. Our guests who 



FROM NIAGARA TO THE CAPITAL. 



are accustomed to vote money for public buildings will be interested 
to know that this building was completed within the cost estimated 
and appropriated, ^6,000,000. 

Less imposing, but effective in its simplicity and dignity, is the 
White House, enriched by association with great events and great 
men. 

In our trip through the country we have been obliged in describ- 
ing the resources of cities and States to lay emphasis upon com- 




The Capitol at Washington. 



mercial, agricultural, and manufacturing values; but in Washington 
we pass out of the strain and endless activity of the commercial 
and industrial world and find ourselves in a zone of commercial 
tranquillity and industrial peace. Unlike Ivondon, Paris, Berlin, 
Vienna, or Rome, Washington is the capital without being the 
metropolis. To find the metropolis we must go to New York, in 
which, as in London or Paris, there are a multitude of social, indus- 
trial, intellectual, and artistic worlds. 



TOUR OF THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION. 



The American experiment of having a capital city set off entirely 
by itself purely for the consideration of national interests is inter- 
esting and unique. It followed as a natural result that the city at 
first was somewhat provincial and insulated; but the capital has 
grown more and more with the growth of the nation. It furnishes 
a field for social as well as political aspiration. It has had to 
struggle against the great disadvantage that those who shape 
its development as a city do i*ot live there for several months in 
the 3-ear and have other local and urban interests which demand 
their attention and loyalty. But with the consolidation of Amer- 
ican nationality, the shortening of distances through transportation, 
Washington, in spite of its geographical location so far from the 
geographical center of the country, is becoming more and more 
centered in the admiration and love of the American people. 



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Copyright, 1900;_^il_^and. McNallij & Co. Copyright, 1904, by Rand. McKally & Co. 






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